Tuesday 30 October 2012
Friday 12 October 2012
First in Library and Information Science in India
Aligarh Muslim University: First B.Lib. Science Course was introduced.
Calcutta University: First five years integrated course in LIS was introduced.
Calcutta University: The First and Oldest University Library was established in British India.
Calcutta University: The first university in India where library committee is formed.
Connemera Public Library: First Public Library in India.
DELNET: The first Library Network to provide e-mail service in the country.
Delhi University: First University to introduce, MLibSc., MPhil and PhD in LIS in India.
Delhi University: Firstly establish a full-fledged Department of Library Science.
DRTC: The first centre to use computer in the library and information activities in India.
ERNET: Firstly provide E-mail service in India.
LIS Links: First social network for Indian Library and Information Science professionals.
Madras: Enacted first Public Library Act in India.
Madras University: First P G Diploma in Library science was introduced.
Sravasti: The first library noticed in India.
Aligarh Muslim University: First B.Lib. Science Course was introduced.
Calcutta University: First five years integrated course in LIS was introduced.
Calcutta University: The First and Oldest University Library was established in British India.
Calcutta University: The first university in India where library committee is formed.
Connemera Public Library: First Public Library in India.
DELNET: The first Library Network to provide e-mail service in the country.
Delhi University: First University to introduce, MLibSc., MPhil and PhD in LIS in India.
Delhi University: Firstly establish a full-fledged Department of Library Science.
DRTC: The first centre to use computer in the library and information activities in India.
ERNET: Firstly provide E-mail service in India.
LIS Links: First social network for Indian Library and Information Science professionals.
Madras: Enacted first Public Library Act in India.
Madras University: First P G Diploma in Library science was introduced.
Sravasti: The first library noticed in India.
year wise details in Library Science
Year Wise Development of Library and Information Science in India.
1774: Rampur Raza Library, Uttar Pradesh.
1808: Funds for the encouragement of literature.
1835: National Library of India.
1856: Intellectual Property Right Act.
1867: The Press and Registration of books Act was enacted.
1890: Connemara Public Library.
1891: Khuda Baksha Oriental Public Library.
1910: A. W. Borden start a refresher course for librarians in India.
1911: The Design Act.
1914: The Andhra Desa Library Association was founded.
1914: Andhra Pradesh Library Association.
1917: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.
1918: Sarasvati Mahal Library.
1921: Maharashtra Library Association.
1925: Bengal Library Association.
1928: Madras Library Association.
1929: Punjab Library Association.
1929: Karnataka Library Association.
1931: ‘Five Laws of Library Science’ was first published.
1931: Samastha Kerala Pustakalaya Samiti.
1933: Colon Classification (CC) was first published.
1933: India Library Association (ILA).
1936: Bihar Library Association.
1938: Assam Library Association.
1944: Utkal Library Association.
1945: Kerala Library Association.
1947: Indian National Bibliography first appeared.
1947: National Medical Library, New Delhi.
1948: Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras) Public Libraries Act.
1951: Delhi Public Library.
1951: National Library of India.
1951: Uttar Pradesh Library Association.
1951: Hyderabad Library Association.
1953: Gujarat Library Association.
1953: Delhi Library Association.
1954: The Delivery of Books (Public Libraries) Act was passed.
1955: Hyderabad public libraries Act.
1955: Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centre (IASLIC) was founded.
1956: Delivery of Books (Public Libraries Act) 1954 was amended.
1957: Indian Library Association (ILA) became the member of International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA).
1957: Indian National Bibliography (INB) first appeared.
1957: Madhya Bharat Library Association.
1958: First Ph.D in the Library and Information Science in India.
1960: Andhra Pradesh Public Libraries Act.
1961: Gomantak Library Association.
1962: Rajasthan Library Association.
1962: Dr. S. R. Ranganathan was appointed as a National research professor of Library science.
1962: Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC), Bangalore.
1965: Karnataka Public Library Act.
1966: Jammu & Kashmir Library Association.
1967: Maharashtra Public Libraries Act.
1867: The Press and Registration of books Act Enacted.
1967: Tripura Library Association.
1972: Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) was established.
1977: NICNET
1979: West Bengal Public Libraries Act.
1985: Committee On Library and Information Science (CONPOLIS India) was set up.
1986: ERNET.
1986: National Information Policy.
1986: CALIBNET.
1987: Mizoram Library Association.
1987: Manipur Library Association.
1988: Manipur Public Libraries Act.
1988: INFLIBNET.
1989: Haryana Public Libraries Act.
1989: Kerala Public Libraries Act.
1992: DELNET.
1993: Goa Public Libraries Act.
1993: MALIBNET.
1993: ADINET.
1993: Mizoram Public Libraries Act
1993: UGC Curriculum Development Committee.
1994: MYLIBNET.
1994: Meghalaya Library Association.
1996: Nagaland Library Association.
2000: Information Technology Act.
2000: SOUL Software.
2001: J-Gate, an electronic gateway to global e-journal literature.
2002: UGC INFONET.
2002: Gujarat Public Libraries Act.
2002: Orissa Public Library Act.
2003: HELINET.
2005: Uttaranchal Public Libraries Act.
2006: Rajasthan Public Libraries Act.
2006: Uttar Pradesh Library Act.
2007: National Knowledge Commission on Libraries.
2007: NEWGENLIB.
2011: International Standard Book Number (ISBN) allocation office in India shifted from Kolkatta to Delhi.
2007: National Knowledge Commission on Libraries.
2007: NEWGENLIB.
2011: International Standard Book Number (ISBN) allocation office in India shifted from Kolkatta to Delhi.
UGC – National Eligibility Test
June – 2010
1- Which is not near synonym term to information :-Catalogue
2- CCF stand for :- Common Communication Format
3- Resource sharing among libraries was prompted by the factors :- Price acceleration & Information explosion
4- The library Association (UK) is now the component of :- CILIP
5- Real time to access refers to :- Access after some time
6- Which of the following professional Association does not exist now :- IASLIC
7- Theory X and Theory Y relate to :- Motivation
8- Dewey Decimal Classification is now looked after by :- OCLC
9- INSDOC has been merged with :- NISCAIR
10- World Wide Web first designed by :- Tim Berne’s Lee
11- ISBN consists of :- 13 digit
12- Bibliographical coupling is related to :- Bibliometric studies
13- Dublin Core metadata consists of :- 15 elements
14- A type of indexing where terms are coordinated prior to searching :- Post coordinate indexing
15- Use of ICs were made in :- Third generation computers
16- The network topology in which nodes are connected to a central hub is known as :- Star topology
17- Which of the following is a term used for working assumption of a solution to a problem :- Hypothesis
18- Computer memory measured in :- Bytes,Kilobytes,Megabytes
19- DELNET stands for :- Developing Library Network
20- Right to Information act :- 2005
21- Information Technology act :- 2000
22- Freedom of Information act :-2002
Tuesday 9 October 2012
Internet
Internet: Information technology consists of different components like electronics, computer hardware, software, and telecommunications. Integration and application of the above technologies in information handling for efficient and effective information management is termed as information technology. By using IT we can obtain, process, store, transmit and output information in the form of voice, picture or text. A part of information technology is the Internet. If one has heard anything about computers, then he/she would have certainly heard about the Internet as well, as it is so popular that there is hardly any one who has not come across the term.
Internet, a
computer network, rather a network of networks, makes any information available
at the touch of a button. The importance of internet lies on the fact that it
is like a printing press of the technology era. It is like a huge central
warehouse of data that can be accessed by people from all over the world. The
internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained
investment and commitment to research and development of information
infrastructure. The internet today is a widespread information infrastructure,
the initial prototype of what is often called the national (or global or
galactic) information infrastructure comprising more than thousands of
regional, national and international networks which connect people from all
over the world.
Internet has
brought about drastic changes in social contact and tries to by pass physical
face to face contact. Today, it is used daily by millions of people, who access
it for a variety of purpose. There has
been practically no technology being adopted at a rate similar to the internet.
1. Definition: On October
24, 1995 the FNC unanimously passed a resolution defining the term Internet.
This definition was developed in consultation with the members of the internet
and intellectual property right communities. “The Federal Networking Council”
(FNC) agrees that the definition of the term “Internet” is reflect in the following
expression: “Internet refers to the
global information system that
a) is logically linked together by a global unique address space based
on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extension (follow-ons;
b) is able to support communication using the Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Suits or its subsequent extension /
follow-ons and / or other IP compatible protocol
and
c) provides uses or makes accessible either publicly or privately high
level services layered on the communication and related infrastructure,
described here in http://www.fnc.got/internet-res.html.”
In
simple term, the internet is an enormous network of millions of computer
allowing constant communication throughout the world. It is a loose connection of
related networks or a network of networks. It is made up of Local Area Network
(LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and huge Wide Area Network (WAN) of the
whole world. It is a global information highway and a universal database of
knowledge which itself collectively represents human society on a virtual life.
2. History: The
first recorded description of the social interaction that could be enabled
through networking was a series of memos written by J. C. R. Licklider of MIT, USA
in August 1962 discussing his “Galactic network” concept. He envisioned a
globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly
access data and program from any site. The internet began to evolve when packet
switching network came into operation in the 1960s. In Europe, when transmitted
data is broken up into small packets and sent to its destination then the
reassembled packet can also be compressed for speed and encrypted (converted
into code) for security.
a) ARPANET: In 1968, a
similar system as that of packet switching was developed in the USA. In 1969,
Pentagon Commissioned Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) for
research into networking. In the following year Vinton Cerf and others
published their first proposal for protocol that would allow computer to “talk”
to each other. Thus, ARPANET began operating using the Network Control Protocol
(NCP). The first host to host protocol, which went into operation at the US
Defence Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1969-1982. In
1974, Vinton Cerf joined Bob Kahn to present their “protocol for packet network
interconnection” specifying the detailed design of Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP), the basis of the modern internet. In 1978, TCP was split into
TCP (now short for Transmission Control Protocol) an Internet Protocol (IP).
When NCP was replaced by the new widespread Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), a number of interconnected US military
computers formed the first sizable internet for defence use (communication in
the event of nuclear attack).
b) National Science
Foundation: Internet really took
off in the year 1980s when the National Science Foundation (NSF) used ARPANET
to link its five regional super computer centres at major universities so that
many users could share their work. Later on NSF created National Science
Foundation Network (NSFNET), a series of networks for research and education
communication. It was provided free to any US research and educational
institution.
c) USENET: Usenet is
actually a companion network to electronic mail started at Duke University
and the University of North Carolina, USA and it also offers an unusual
service called “Network News”. Email was developed through ARPANET as did the
Bulletin Board System (Usenet). Usenet, which began in 1979 contributes
enormously to the internet’s rapid expansion. Its spirit of information sharing
and discussion was the hallmark of its system and was reflected in the Internet
as a whole.
d) World Wide Web: By the
end of 1980s the European Particle Research Laboratory (CERN) in Geneva
was one of the premier internet sites in Europe. CERN desperately needed
a better way of locating
all the files, documents and other resources that now threatened to
overwhelm
it. Tim Berners Lee, a young British scientist working as a consultant
for
CERN, had found out an answer for the above problem. In 1991 his World
Wide Web
system assigned a common system of written addresses and hypertext link
to all
information. In 1991, the first www files were made available on the
internet
for downloading using File Transfer Protocol (FTP). In October, 1993
there were
around 200 known HTTP servers. In 1993, the National Centre for
Supercomputer
Application (NCSA) developed web browser (namely Mosaic) which took the
internet by storm.
3. Components of Internet:
The Internet consists of the WWW and all the hardware, software, protocols on
which WWW runs. One of the main characteristics of Internet is that it is a
decentralized system i.e there is no single person or organization that owns or
control Internet, all who use Internet or supply material to it, have a role to
play. However, there are organizations such as InterNIC, the National Science
Foundation, the Internet Engineering Task Force, ICANN and the Internet
Architecture Board which oversee and standardize what happens on Internet.
a) World Wide Web: The WWW
is also called web. The WWW is a set of programs, standards, and protocols (set
of rules) governing the way in which multimedia files (files containing a
combination of text, graphics, photographs, audio, video) are created and
displayed on the Internet. The difference between the Internet and the WWW is
similar to the distinction between a computer and a multimedia program that
runs on the computer. The Internet is a decentralized global network of
computers that transfer information and the wiring that makes all these
possible, whereas the web is a collection of documents or websites, that users
can access using the Internet and a web browser.
b) Hardware: It means the computer
(supercomputer, web server, and personal computer), modem (external or
internal) and cables or telecommunication lines. The cables with jacks and
rackets connect the modem with the computer and telephone. The users possess
the terminal or the computer, modem, etc. The ISP procures the server that
serves up web pages upon request.
i) Modem: Modem is a
device that allows computers to communicate over telephone lines, it converts a
digital signal to an analog signal and vice versa.
c) Software: It
includes the operating system and web browser.
i) Operating System: In
case of Operating System, Windows, Linux or others will do. The higher
versions of the OS are preferable because it has an inbuilt component to
support internet connections.
ii) Web Browser: A web
browser is the software program that is used to access the WWW or to visit web
pages and display it in the computer screen, e.g. Internet Explorer, Google
Chrome, Netscape Navigator, etc.
iii) Telecommunication Lines: The
telephone companies own the equipment and cables that carry signals to the
service providers.
d) Internet Protocol Suite: The
Internet Protocol Suite [also known as Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)] is the set of communication protocols used for the Internet
and other similar networks. It governs the way data travels from one machine to
another across a network. It is named from two of the most important protocols
in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP),
which are the first two networking protocols defined in this standard.
The Internet Protocol Suite, like many protocol
suites, may be viewed as a set of layers. Each layer solves a set of problems
involving the transmission of data, and provides a well-defined service to the
upper layer protocols based on using services from some lower layers. Upper
layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data,
relying on lower layer protocols to translate data into forms that can
eventually be physically transmitted.
The Internet
Protocol Suite consists of four layers. From the lowest to the highest, these
are the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application
Layer.
In
the application layer, the following are the common types of protocols
i) HTTP: Web pages are
transferred between computers using Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
ii) FTP: Excluding web
pages other types of files are transferred between computers by using FTP. It
is a mechanism that allows placing and retrieving of files over the Internet.
It allows anyone to download software, upgrading of downloaded softwares,
information and so on. It provides authorization of persons allowed to copy the
files.
iii) Telnet Protocol: It
is a simple programme created by National Centre for Supercomputer Application
(NCSA) that uses TCP/IP to provide connection into another computer. Telnet
allows a users’ work station or terminal to behave as though it is directly
connected to the machines where the user is logged in. It means that Telnet
helps to operate remote computers from one’s own desktop. The condition is that
the user must have log-in account and passwords to access the remote computer.
iv) Gopher Protocol: The University of Minnesota Microcomputer work-station
centre created gopher to find information on the internet in a user friendly
way. It is a menu-driven programme that allows one to click with information
server or “Gopher Holes” on the Internet to retrieve the information including
text, sound and images. The gopher system is impressive owing to its simplicity
volume and variety of information available. To retrieve information an
indexing tool called Veronica is used that searches all gopher server using a
set of keywords.
e) Internet Service Provider (ISP):
An Internet service provider
is an organization that provides some crucial portion of the Internet
infrastructure to help connecting to the Internet. Sometimes the Internet Service Provider also responsible for
telecommunication link i.e telephone connection to users’ site, or in today’s
context Data Card providers and an internet account (username and password).
The ISP provides the Internet connection to the user.
f) The Website: The Hyper
Text Mark Up Language (HTML) is the commonly used language for creating
the web documents or webpage. However it is not the single one. A website is a
set of related (linked through hypertext link) web pages, published by an
organization or individual. Normally it contains a home page along with other
additional pages. The home page is the starting point or doorway to a website
providing an overview of what could be found at the website. Home page is also
known as the index page or index.
In Internet
environment, the download refers to copying or saving the data, information
from the internet to the local computer. Uploading is just the opposite of
downloading. It is the sending of the data or information from the local
computer to the Internet. The Online means staying connected to the Internet.
The offline is just the opposite. Offline means that the user is no longer
connected to a remote computer or the internet.
In Netscape Navigator, Bookmarks
is a list of favourite web pages and Internet resources. One can add items to
this menu at any time. Bookmarks are equivalent to favourite in Microsoft
Internet Explorer.
4. Internet Protocol Address:
An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical label that is assigned to
devices participating in a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol for
communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions
in networking: host or network interface identification and location
addressing. The role of the IP address has also been characterized as a name
that indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route
indicates how to get there.
The network
portion of the IP address is allocated to the Internet Service Providers (ISP)
by the InterNic under authority of the Internet Assigned Number Authority
(IANA). ISPs then assign the host portion of the IP address to the machines on
the network that they operate.
a) Uniform Resource Locator
(URL): The location of a web page on the internet can be identified by
a unique address which is called URL. Every single page of the hundreds of
millions of pages stored on the web has a URL. The URL or the address tells the
browser which document to fetch and exactly where to find it on a particular
host computer some where on the internet.
b) Domain Naming System (DNS):
The Internet uses an addressing scheme that employs the Domain Naming System
(DNS). Domain names provided a system, an easy to remember internet address
which can be translated by the Domain Names System (DNS) into the numeric
address (Internet Protocol Number). The internet protocol number is the numeric
location of a particular computer so that it is an identifiable machine to all
the other computers connected to the internet. The IP address is a 32 bit
number divided into four octets and these octets are written in dotted decimal
format eg. 11.245.196.212. Each octets numbers lie in between o and 255.
c) Internet Address: The
Internet address is needed so that massage can be correctly routed to and from
the machine over the network. Each part of the address goes from general to
specific and consists of letters, numbers, and punctuation. The basic structure
of URL is hierarchical. i.e
Protocol:// Server name. Domain
name. Top level domain name. port / Directory / File name.
Eg:
http://www.liswiki.com/wiki/index
Protocol: The protocol is
generally Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
://: It is a kind of
separator that tells the browser that the next words will be actual URL.
Server: WWW. It indicates
the site as part of the World Wide Web. The web is a subnet of Internet that
uses multimedia objects.
Domain Name: Liswiki is the domain name. This is a
unique name which has to be registered with InterNIC, an organization which has
official authority over all domain names.
Top Level Domain Name: It
indicates the purpose of the institute / organization associated with the
website. Some of the top level domains are-
Organizational Domain
.com: Commercial entities;
.edu: Educational institutions;
.gov: US government institutions;
.int: International institutions;
.mil: US Military institutions;
.net: Network resource providers;
.org: Non profit organization.
Geographic Domain: Outside
the United States
a code is included to which country a URL belongs. Though United States also
have a domain code (US) yet in reality it is used in rare instances on the
Internet. It is assumed that if there is no geographic code then the domain is
located within the United
States.
For example:
.au: Australia;
.ca: Canada;
.in: India;
.va: Vatican,
etc.
Directory: The next is the directory on the host
computer that contains the specific website.
5. Types of Internet Connections: The type of internet connection
requirement depends on its uses. If the user wants an Internet mainly for
sending e-mail, occasional chats, infrequent browsing then he should go for a
dial-up connection. If the user is using the internet frequently for research,
downloading or uploading a fair amount of data, play multi-player video games
or live audio or video streaming, then he should look into other high speed
accesses such as a cable modem or ISDN. The Internet connection generally can
be categorized into the following-
i) Dial-up (analog up to 56k): In a Dial-up, the telephone lines
are used to connect to the Internet. Here to get connected, the user needs to
specify a username, a password, and a telephone number.
ii) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL): DSL operates over normal
telephone lines and it can be used simultaneously with the telephone. It can
increase the connection speed by ten times from a standard dial-up modem.
iii) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): ISDN involves the
digitization of the telephone network so that voice, graphics, text, and other
data can be provided to users from a single terminal over existing telephone
wiring. It is four times faster than a Dial-up network.
iv) Cable Internet: A cable modem connects the user to the Internet
through a cable television line. A cable modem will typically have two
connections, one to the television outlet and the other to the computer. It is
10-100 times faster compared to the dial-up modem and added interactivity to
the television.
v) Leased Line: Leased line facility is provided via fiber optic or
copper lines to provide data, voice and video links between two parties. It
provides for a consistent amount of bandwidth. For example, T-1 Lines, T-3
Lines, etc. It is especially useful for businesses connecting to the Internet
and for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone.
vi) Internet over Satellite (IoS): Here the data are transmitted
via satellite to a dish antenna at the users’ house. It allows a user to access
the Internet via a satellite that orbits the earth. A satellite is placed at a
static point above the earth's surface in a fixed position. Because of the
enormous distances signals must travel from the earth up to the satellite and
back again. IoS is slightly slower than high-speed terrestrial connections over
copper or fiber optic cables.
vii) Wireless Internet Connections: Wireless Internet or wireless
broadband is one of the newest Internet connection types. Instead of using
telephone or cable networks for your Internet connection, one can use radio
frequency bands. Wireless Internet provides an always-on connection which can
be accessed from anywhere- as long as one is geographically within a network
coverage area. It is typically more expensive and mainly available in
metropolitan areas.
Broadband is often called
"high-speed" access to the Internet, because it usually has a high
rate of data transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256
kbit/s (0.256 Mbit/s) or greater is more concisely considered broadband
Internet access. The standard broadband technologies in most areas are DSL and
cable modems. Newer technologies in use include pushing optical fiber
connections closer to the subscriber in both telephone and cable plants.
Modems which use
mobile phone lines [General packet radio service (GPRS), Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS), Wired Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMax), etc.], are known as cellular modems. Cellular modems can be embedded
inside a laptop or an appliance, or they can be external to it to access the
Internet. External cellular modems are datacards and cellular routers. The
datacard is a PC card or ExpressCard which slides into a Personal Computer
Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA)/PC card/ExpressCard slot on a
computer.
6. Factors Affecting Speed of Internet
Connectivity: The speed of
internet connectivity is influenced by the following factors-
a) Speed of the Modem: The
speed of the modem greatly influences the speed of internet connectivity So,
for getting higher speed one must procure a modem with a maximum speed of
56kbps or higher, if possible.
b) Quality of Phone Line: Noise
on the phone line, running into the home, can disrupt internet connection with
a modem. So, higher quality phone line should be used. If possible, ISDN should
be implemented to solve the problem.
c) Internet Traffic: While
hitting a popular site, one may be competing with the hundreds or thousands of
others for the attention of that site server resulting in slow speed of access.
The web traffic generally tends to expand throughout the day and peaks around
the evening. So, for getting high speed one should try to change the time of
the day he/ she is going for online.
d) Personal Computer: There
are some other factors which are associated with personal computer. They are-
i) Processor: For getting
higher speed one should procure processors which have 650 MHZ or higher speed.
ii) RAM: Working with
other software application at the time of browsing decreases the RAM capacity
resulting in slow speed of access to the Internet. So, it is better to get
higher RAM or avoid working with other software application while surfing.
iii) Hard Disc: A highly
fragmented hard disc can slow down web surfing considerably. So, it is good to
practice to keep the hard drive defragmented and optimized.
iv) Browser’s Cache: Web
browser’s cache is a storage area on the computer’s hard disc. As one surfs the
browser stores the web pages that are already visited in the cache up to the
disc space limit that one has set. When anyone tries to retrieve the same page
after its first visit the browser displays the cached WebPages from the hard
disc which is very fast and not from the Internet. So, if cache memory is small
it slows down the access to the Internet. The solution is to increase the
browser cache limit.
v) Image Loading: Today
many files are very big and rich of data, picture, image, etc. and so it takes
longer time to download the images resulting in slow speed to Internet access.
One can solve the problem by turning off image loading and java in the browser
without affecting the content of a webpage. This can be done by selecting
advanced Tab of Internet options in the Tool menu.
vi) Working with Two or More
Browser Windows at a Time: To increase further surfing speed one can surf
with two or more browser tabs or windows at a time. This will enable one to
read the content of one page while allowing another page to load in the second
windows. This may help to cut down the time lag and frustration.
7. Internet Applications: Internet is the network of networks. It
provides a base structure for different applications / services. Such
applications may include Email, chat, discussion group, discussion forum,
social network and so on. Almost every protocol type available on the Internet
is accessible on the web. There are many activities that can be preformed
online. Some of the commonly used applications are only listed here in the
following paragraphs;
i) World Wide Web: It is
a subset of Internet and it presents text, images, animation, video, sound, and
other multimedia in a single interface. The operation of the web relies
primarily on hypertext, as it is a means of information retrieval. Hypertext is
a document containing words that connect to other documents and resources
throughout the Internet.
ii) Email: Electronic
mail or e-mail is a fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with other
internet users around the world. Email can be defined as the process of
exchanging messages electronically, through a communication network, using the
computer. Using email, one can exchange messages with someone else on the
internet. It reaches its addresses within seconds and the people at large using
it. Email overcomes most of the problems and delays of getting a physical
document from one person. It is one of the basic and earliest services of the
Internet and the most used application on the Internet too.
iii) File Transfer Protocol
(FTP): It is a system of rules and a software program that enables a
user to log on to another computer and transfer information between it and
his/her computer. FTP can be done using the command prompt, browsers, and
various GUI based FTP softwares such as CuteFTP and WS_FTP.
iv) Telnet: It allows a
user to log on to a remote computer in such a way that a person may interact
with another machine as if it is being used locally. The user’s monitor
displays what is taking place on the remote computer during the telnet session.
v) Chat: Chat puts people
online in a live conversation with other internet users around the globe. Chat
programs allow the users on the Internet to communicate with each other by
typing in real time. It is sometimes included as a feature of a website.
vi) Internet Telephony:
Internet telephony is the use of Internet to exchange spoken or other
telephonic information. The required hardware for Internet telephony generally
consists of end devices (either traditional telephone or audio-equipped
personal computers) and gatekeepers that provide call admission control,
bandwidth management, addresses translation, authentication, and user location.
There are many Internet telephony applications available, for example CoolTalk,
NetMetting, etc.
vii) Video Conferencing:
It enables direct face-to-face communication across networks using audio,
video, and the data. In video conferencing, web cameras, microphone, and other
communication tools are necessary.
ix) E-Commerce: E-commerce
refers to buying and selling goods and services online.
x) Mobile Commerce:
M-commerce or mobile commerce refers to transactions through a mobile phone
network and data connection that results in the transfer of value (monetary or
otherwise) in exchange for goods and services.
xi) Mailing List (Listserver):
It is a method of sending and receiving discussions via e-mail, organized
around some topics within a large community.
A search page is
a web page where a search of the web can be conducted. If some one is good at
framing the search queries, it will help them in finding exactly what they are
looking for, anywhere on the web. The web directories provide direction to the
web sites by listing relevant web pages in some easy to browse categories. Many
web directories also provide search facilities to the user for easy location of
the pages. Web directories are especially useful when someone is new to some
topic.
Groups and
discussion forums are great ways to keep up with a subject. It broadens one’s
mind by displaying different points of view or perception on a single idea or
concept. The social network is the virtual social life of the people over the
web.
Advantages and Disadvantage of
Internet: The internet has the
following advantages-
i) Central Repository of
Information: The Internet is like a huge central warehouse of data that can
be accessed by people from all over the world.
ii) Direct Communication: Through
email, chat, internet telephony, video conferencing, etc. one can directly
communicate with others.
iii) Round the Clock
Availability: Information on the internet is available to the user 24 hours
a day and 365 days of the year.
iv) Cheapest Medium: Internet
is perhaps the cheapest medium for online help, trouble shooting assistance,
for getting specific information, etc.
v) Distance Learning: It
provides the facility of learning remotely without physically coming in contact
with the teacher, the school or university.
vi) No Barrier: In the
internet environment any one can be author / writer / publisher and users of
the information. There is no barrier in this regard.
The disadvantages of Internet can be as
follows-
i) Copyright: Digitization
violates the copyright laws as the thought content of one author can be freely
transferred to another without his acknowledgement.
ii) Incompatible Hardware and
Software: The hardware and software are modified every day. So a document
that is available in one format may not be accessible in the days to come. So,
one has to upgrade the hardware and software configuration as and when needed.
iii) Artificial Environment:
The environment created by Internet is an artificial one.
iv) Volatile Information:
The electronic environment though very exciting and stimulating is also quite
volatile.
Let Us Sum Up: Internet is the largest of all other networks
connecting a large number of smaller interconnected networks, so it is a
computer based worldwide network connecting other smaller networks. It is a
global network linking millions of computers and people cutting across all
barriers and boundaries of countries, race, class or sex. Internet can also be described as a collection
of government, academic, commercial and individual sites.
The launching of
ARPA in 1957 by Sputnik, and European Particle Research Laboratory (CERN) are
at the backend in the development of the Internet. The Internet mainly consists
of the WWW and all the hardware, software, and protocols. To get connected to
the internet, the user will need a computer, a modem (internal / external), and
an Internet account with the ISP.
The usefulness
of Internet lies in its characteristics of the Worlds Greatest Library where
everybody will find it as a vast pool of information; it is the Wide Area
Network, and much more. Besides, it also provides the latest information on any
topic available round the clock and from a wide distance.
Blog
Blog: The term "weblog" was coined by Jorn Barger on 17 December 1997. Then Peter Merholz, jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in 1999, from where it becomes popular as "blog". Thus Blog is derived from Weblog. Blog or weblog is a web-based publication consisting primarily of periodic articles normally in reverse chronological order with reflections, comments, and often hyperlinks provided by the writer.
1. Definition: Blogs have different meaning to different people,
ranging from “online journal” to “easily updated personal website”. A weblog is
a journal (or newsletter) that is frequently updated and intended for general
public consumption. Blogs generally represent the personality of the author or
the Web site.
According to
Concept Websites Ltd (http://www.conceptwebsites.com/SEO/common-terms.htm),
“a blog is basically a journal that is available on the web. The activity of
updating a blog is "blogging" and someone who keeps a blog is a
"blogger." Blogs are typically updated daily using software that
allows people with little or no technical background to update and maintain the
blog”.
In simple, it
can be said that it is a web based website where articles posted will
automatically be arranged in reverse chronological fashion or in a
chronological fashion. The owner/member will post message which are sometimes
rich with graph, audio, video and hyperlink periodically enabling others to
view and comment. Topics often include the owner's/member’s daily life or views
on a particular subject or topic of important to the group. The original post
with its associated comments and discussion provide a very insight to the topic
at hand.
Many
blogs are frequently updated and publicly accessible i.e they allow anybody to
sign up at any time; some others are private where entry to the group is
restricted. Some advanced users have server-side software, and often implement
membership management and password protected areas. Others have created a mix
of a blog and wiki, called a bliki.
2. History: At the initial stage of internet development, Usenet,
e-mail lists, Bulletin Board Systems (BBS), chronicles, commonplaces, diaries,
and perzines were used as a form of Citizen Media. Bulletin Board is a service
whereby messages and points of interest can be posted to be read and replied to
unlike list server. The news group provides access to thousands of topic based
discussion group services which are open to all. The news reader software
allows one to post an article to any group for others to read. A comment to the
message (original) can be added to the thread of the article. In recent times
these are effectively replaced by the “blog”.
During recent
days, blog has evolved into a tool that offers some of the most insightful
information on the Web. It provides self-publishing phenomenon represented by
blogging and becoming much more common in LIS, as librarians, libraries and
library associations have begun to blog as a way of communicating with their
patrons and constituents. Many librarians world wide also publish their
personal blogs that offer a wealth of information about librarianship, their
parent institution and sometimes to their personal lives as well.
The emergence of
blogging provides a medium to give readers of the library new perspectives on
the realities, as well as often offering different viewpoints from those of its
official news sources. Many bloggers began to provide nearly-instant commentary
on televised events, creating a secondary meaning of the word
"blogging": to simultaneously transcribe and editorialize speeches
and events shown on television (liveblogging).
3.
Anatomy of a Blog Entry: Blog uses web interfaces that allow anyone
over the Internet, to create blogs by their own. It usually does not demand the
maintenance of server software by the users themselves. It also does not demand
to go for the HTML. A blog entry typically consists of the following:
a) Title: The main title, or headline, of the post;b) Body: Main content of the post;
c) Permalink: The URL of the full, individual article;
d) Post Date: Date and time the post published.
A blog entry
optionally also includes the comments or feedback. Comments are a way to
provide discussion on blog entries. Readers can leave a comment on a post (a
way of correcting one’s error) or they can also leave their personal opinion on
the previous post(s).
4. Types: There are various types of blogs, and each differs in
the way content is delivered or written. A typical blog combines text, images,
and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic, the
ability to quote another user's post with special formatting in ones post is
also a special feature of many blogs. Generally, blog can be categorized as
follows:
a) Linklog: A blog comprising links;b) Moblog: A blog written by a mobile phone or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA);
c) Photoblog: A blog comprising photos;
d) Podcasting: Blog containing audio;
e) Vlog: A blog comprising videos.
Blog can also be
categorized based on a particular subject, such as political blogs, travel
blogs, legal blogs (often referred to as a blawg), Library blogs, Academic
Library blogs, Librarian’s blogs and so on.
5. Importance: Blogging
combined the site with tools to make linking to other pages easier specifically
permalinks, blogrolls and TrackBacks. This, together with blog search engines
enabled bloggers to track the threads that connected them to others with
similar interests.
a) Blog as a Forum: The ability for readers to leave comments in an
interactive format and the scope for adding more than one author in a blog, can
be used to create discussion forum. Wordpress comments at the bottom of a blog
post allow for a single-threaded discussion of any given blog post. Slashcode,
on the other hand, is far more complicated, allowing fully threaded discussions
and incorporating a robust moderation and meta-moderation system as well as
many of the profile features available to forum users.
b) Blog as a Group: The Blog’s RSS Feed or Atom by burning with
some feed burning services can be used to provide email subscription option
(some blog hosting service even produce it by default). This feature can be
used as a group to notify the intended users or reader or subscribers about
some announcement.
Blog also have
blogrolls (i.e. links to other blogs which the owner reads or admires), and
indicate the social relationship of a particular blog to those of other
bloggers. Pingback (links to other sites that refer to the entry) and trackback
(one of three types of Linkbacks, methods for Web authors to request
notification when somebody links to one of their documents) allow one blog to
notify another blog, creating an inter-blog conversation. In summary, blogs
engage readers and build a virtual community around a particular person or
interest, which have immense implication in library and information science.
c) A Major Part of the Internet: Blogs are easy to create and
maintain as compared to websites. As a result, people are turning towards blog
as a publication medium. Day by day, its volume as well as quality increases
and now we are in a position where we can say that if one is unable to locate
any information over internet by searching in the traditional general purpose
search engine then it must be in blog.
d) Latest Information: The literature search forms the backbone of
any research activities. In recent times, a part of this business relies on
internet and for a comprehensive list of resources over internet, the search
should extend to blog also, as it contains the latest, up to the minute information
on a given topic.
e) Substitute of Mainstream Media: Blog increasingly considered as
a substitute of the mainstream media for news services, consultants, etc. As
blog becomes a standard part of the publicity arsenal, it is used extensively
as a tool for outreach and opinion forming and as means of applying pressure
upon concern authority and like other. It can also be used to push the messages
directly to the public by avoiding the filtering process of the mainstream
media (the editorial board of which often cut down the massage as a means to
avoid the legal liabilities, to present credible news or at times to justify
their presence!).
6. Finding a Blog / Blog Search Engine: The general purpose search
engines generally avoid displaying results from blogosphere. So, for searching
the blog over internet, reliance must be placed on the specially designed blog
search engines. Several blog search engines are used to search blog contents
(also known as the blogosphere), such as blogdigger, Feedster, and Technorati,
which helps one to find out what people are saying on any subject of his/her
interest. In the following paragraph an attempt is made to list and discuss
some of the most popular blog search engines.
a) Blogdigger (http://www.blogdigger.com/index.html): Blogdigger is
a blog and media search engine founded in March 2003 by Greg Gershman.
Blogdigger began as an experiment with RSS and search technologies, developing
into a search engine that provides fast, up-to-the-minute search results of the
latest posts collected from blogs and syndicated content feeds, such as RSS and
Atom.
b) Bloglines (http://www.bloglines.com): Bloglines is a web-based
news aggregator for browsing weblogs and other news feeds. Mark Fletcher
founded the site in 2003 and sold it in February 2005 to Ask.com. Bloglines
uses an interface with the blogs names in one frame and their most recently
updated content in another pane.
c) Feedster (http://www.feedster.com): Feedster was founded in
March 2003 by Scott Johnson. In June 2003, it merged with RSS-Search founded by
François Schiettecatte. Feedster began as a weblog search tool, indexing and
archiving individual blog posts based on a site's RSS feed. Feedster gained
popularity with blog enthusiasts because it indexed new information fast, let
users sort search results chronologically, and made it possible to subscribe to
search results as an RSS feed. It has now expanded to offer a wide range of
related services, including "Feed of the Day".
d) IceRocket (http://www.icerocket.com): IceRocket is an Internet
search engine specialized in searching blogs. IceRocket is backed by Mark Cuban
and headquartered in Dallas,
Texas. In 2005, CNet reported
that it may be re launched as Blogscour.
e) PubSub: PubSub is an Internet search engine for searching blogs
which was founded in 2002 by Bob Wyman and Salim Ismail. The site operates by
storing a user's search term, making it a subscription, and checking it against
posts on blogs which ping the search engine. When a new match is found, the
user is notified, even if it occurs months after the initial search. This
feature has led PubSub to call itself a matching engine. Results can be read on
the service's website or on an optional sidebar, available for both Internet
Explorer and Mozilla Firefox. PubSub is currently having problem as noted in by
Bob Wyman.
f) Sphere (http://www.sphere.com): The Sphere search engine
delivers blog posts based on algorithms that combine semantic matching with
authority factors to deliver results relevant to the search query. Sphere also
organizes bloggers by topic. The company produces an application called Sphere
It! allowing users to seek blog posts related to news articles based on the
contents of a particular web page they're viewing. The function is accessed
from a browser navigation bar plug-in. Upon clicking the plug-in button, a
semantic analysis is performed on the text within the page and blog posts
related to the text of the article are returned.
g) Technorati (http://www.technorati.com): Technorati is an Internet
search engine for searching blogs, competing with Google, Yahoo, PubSub and
IceRocket. As of November 2006,
Technorati indexes over 60 million weblogs. The site won the SXSW 2006 awards
for Best Technical Achievement and also Best of Show. It has also been
nominated for a 2006 Webby award for Best Practices. Technorati provides
current information on both popular searches and tags used to categorize blog
postings. Blogs are also given rankings by Technorati based on the amount of
incoming links and Alexa Internet based on the web hits of Alexa Toolbar users.
h) Google Blog Search (http://www.google.co.in/blogsearch?hl=en):
Google Blog Search is a search engine focused on blogs, with a continuously
updated search index. Results include all blogs, not just those published
through Blogger. Results can be viewed and filtered by date. Google provides
following option to search for blog
i) Google-style interface
(blogsearch.google.com)
ii) Blogger-style interface)
(search.blogger.com)
iii) The Blogger Dashboard
iv) The Navbar on any Blog
All of the above
provide same search, no matter where one searches. The Navbar, however,
provides two buttons: one to search the blog that one currently viewing, and
one to search all blogs. It also provides “Advanced Search” features where one
can specify titles, authors, languages and more. After getting the search
results, it also provides an additional link that allows to switch between
displaying the results with either the most relevant or recent results at the
top.
7. Blog Hosting Services: Blogs are generally hosted by dedicated
blog hosting services or on regular web hosting services. Most of the free blog
hosting services are ad-supported but generally have unlimited posting
bandwidth and storage space. Generally,
a small advertisement square banner is placed on the user blog, which does not
affect the overall make up the said blog. Many blog hosting services also
notified the blogger when someone adds some comments on his/her blog. Examples
include the following
i) Blogger (https://www.blogger.com/start): Blogger was started by
Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan (Pyra Labs of San Francisco) in August 1999 and
was purchased by Google in February 2003.
ii) coComment (http://www.cocomment.com/): coComment is a Swiss
startup company funded by Swisscom Innovations and focused on providing high
quality services to internet users worldwide. The company is based in Geneva, Switzerland.
iii) LiveJournal (http://www.livejournal.com/): Brad Fitzpatrick
started LiveJournal in March 1999. The LiveJournal can be used as a private
journal, a blog, a discussion forum, a social network, and like other.
iv) Open Diary (http://www.opendiary.com/): Launched in October
1998, soon growing to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary becomes the first
blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.
v) Pitas.com (http://www.pitas.com/): Andrew Smales created
Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a "news
page" on a website, followed by Diaryland in September 1999, focusing more
on a personal diary community.
vi) Xanga (http://www.xanga.com/): Launched in 1996, had only 100
diaries by 1997, but over 20 million as of December 2005.
Other
blog hosting service includes Blog (http://www.blog.com/), DreamHost
(http://www.dreamhost.com/), Salon.com (http://www.salon.com), Tripod
(http://www.tripod.lycos.com/), Vox (http://www.vox.com/), WordPress
(http://www.worldpress.org/), etc.
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